Bakteri Enterobacter sakazakii


Enterobacter sakazakii menyebabkan resiko buruk pada kesehatan neonatal. Bakteri ini bersifat pathogen yang kadang  berhubungan dengan terjadinya meningitis, nekrosis enterokolitis dan premature sepsis pada bayi. Bayi yang berumur 28 hari sangat berisiko.
Bayi seharusnya diberi ASI selama 6 bulan pertama. Susu bubuk formula yang diberikan pada bayi merupakan produk yang tidak steril. Untuk menurunkan resiko infeksi, pemberian susu formula bubuk harus diberikan dengan higienis yang baik dan dengan mengikuti aturan produksi manufaktur keamanan pangan.

Enterobacter sakazakii adalah family dari Enterobacteriaceae, genus Enterobacter, dan merupakan basil gram-negative bacillus.  E. sakazakii merupakan bakteri pathogen dan agen bakteri infeksi pada bayi.  E. sakazakii terdapat dalam kasus meningitis neonatal pada tahun 1958  ketika di Ingrris yang menyebabkan kematian dua balita. Sejak saat itu tercatat 70 kasus infeksi E. sakazakii.

Walaupun insiden infeksi E. sakazakii rendah, prognosisnya buruk dan infeksinya dihubungkan dengan kesakitan dan kematian.

Penyebaran kasus infeksi Enterobacter sakazakii dengan formula bubuk bayi sebagai sumber agen

Location (year)                       No. of cases           No. of deaths                          Source                   
England (1958)                        2                                              2                              Unknown                 
Denmark (1958)                      1                                             1                              Unknown                                
Georgia (1958)                        1                                             0                              Unknown                                
Oklahoma (1958)                     1                                             1             
Indiana (1981)                         1                                             0                             Unknown                
Denmark (1983)                      8                                              6                             Suspected PIF        
Greece (1977–1981)              1                                             1                              NS                          
Greece (1984)                        11                                            4                              Unknown                                
Missouri (1984)                       1                                             0                             Unknown                              
Massachusetts (1984)            2                                             1                             Unknown                                
Iceland (1986–1987)               3                                             1                             PIF                         
Tennessee (1988)                 4                                              0                             PIF, blender            
Maryland (1990)                      1                                              0                             PIF, blender           
Ohio (1990)                             1                                             0                              NS                          
Belgium (1998)                        12                                           2                              PIF                         
Israel (1999–2000)                  2                                             0                             PIF and blender     
Tennessee (2001)                  10                                           1                             PIF                         
Belgium (2002)                        1                                             1                              PIF                          
New Zealand (2004)               5                                             1                              PIF                         
France (2004)                         4                                              2                              PIF                          

NOTE. NS, not specified.
a One of the causal factors responsible may have been reconstituted
Pif : Powdered infants formula

Habitat alami dari E. Sakazakii belum diketahui.  Bakteri ini dapat ditemukan di lingkungan dan di makanan. Bayi dan anak-anak mudah terserang infeksi penyakit dari makanan. Maka itu, keamanan mikrobiologi pada bayi dan keamanan pada formula sangat penting.  Penjaga bayi di unit rumah sakit harus selalu waspada pada fakta bahwa bubuk formula pada bayi adalah produk yang tidak steril sehingga higienisasi selama persiapan dan pemberian sangat penting.

Pedoman umum formula bubuk bayi di rumah dan rumah sakit menurut WHO

Rumah sakit
  • Pemberian formula harus dipilih sesuai dengan kebutuhan gizi.
  • Personal terlatih dalam teknik aseptik penyiapan formula bubuk bayi
  • Botol, sendok dan pencapur susu harus bersih sebelum penyiapan
  • Mengikuti instruksi manufaktur persiapan : produk harus di simpan dalam kulkas pada suhu 4C jika belum digunakan segera dan dibuang jika tidak dikonsumsi dalam 24 jam

Rumah
  • Cuci tangan menggunakan sabun saat persiapan dan area persiapan juga harus bersih
  • Sterilisasi botol, sendok dan karet pada botol dengan air panas atau sanitasi sebelum persiapan
  • Formula bubuk bayi harus fresh saat pemberian, jika masih ada sisa dalam botol maka dibuang
  • Jangan menyimpan botol hangat dengan pemanas
  • Untuk membuat formula bubuk bayi, air harus mendidih dan matang lalu dinginkan beberapa menit dengan suhu 70C- 90 C
  • Dinginkan fomula bayi sesuai suhu tubuh sebelum diberikan pada bayi.

Sumber :

Drudy D, Mullane R., et al. 2006. Enterobacter sakazakii: An Emerging Pathogen
in Powdered Infant Formula. Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, and School of Public Health and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland



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I remember


This song is from mocca artist (Indonesia), I love mocca and the video is so sweet.
Just remember what it have done..and so sweet to remember it..
Enjoy =D

I remember...The way you glanced at me, yes I remember
I remember...When we caught a shooting star, yes I remember
I remember.. All the things that we shared, and the promise we made, just you and I
I remember.. All the laughter we shared, all the wishes we made, upon the roof at dawn

Do you remember..?
When we were dancing in the rain in that december
And I remember..When my father thought you were a burglar
I remember.. All the things that we shared, and the promise we made, just you and I
I remember.. All the laughter we shared, all the wishes we made, upon the roof at dawn

I remember.. The way you read your books, 
yes I remember
The way you tied your shoes, 
yes I remember
The cake you loved the most, 
yes I remember
The way you drank you coffee, 
I remember
The way you glanced at me, yes I remember
When we caught a shooting star, 
yes I remember
When we were dancing in the rain in that december
And the way you smile at me, 
yes I remember

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Condition After Merapi Mountain erupted in Cangkringan, Jogjakarta, Indonesia


I went to Jogjakarta for holiday. I really miss jogja...=D because I have lived there for 4 years to study.
Jogjakarta, located on the island of Java is one of Indonesia's most popular tourist destinations. Jogjakarta is in south central Java and it is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south and it also borders on the province of central Java.


A month ago Merapi mountain in Jogjakarta, Indonesia erupted. It caused many disasters as victims' houses received thick ash and buried in sand. This disaster has changed agricultural land to desert land. I went there with one of my friend Ririn. I took these pictures in Cangkringan village, near Gendol river. Here you can see my pics.



Gendol river, one of the rivers which was passed by lava Merapi Mountain; changed into terrifying scenery. When I went to this place I could smell sulfur odor.

Houses, vehicles, livestock, furnitures..everythings damaged due to melting in the Merapi eruption.
This motorcycle can’t be used again, because it was melted. So terrifying.



Livestock had died and gotten burned. Our government has given compensation for the evacuees whose livestock died.

Now the government has tried to build shelter from bamboo for them. It will be built not far from their homes.

 Many evacuees live in refugee camps. They do many activities together with NGO and some other organizations to help their lives.

 There is cold lava in magelang now. It happened in rivers which pass through magelang city. This cold lava has damaged houses, agriculture, and infrastructure.

I hope this disaster can end and they can live in happiness.

Enjoy the friendly of Jogjakarta =D

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Types of tea

Everyday my parents make a cup of tea in morning and afternoon. They drink it everyday. We drink a black tea here. My parents like to  add sugar in it. There are many types of tea and every country has a different tradition when it comes to drinking tea.

Black tea is consumed principally in Europe, North America and North Africa (except Morocco) while green tea is drunk throughout Asia; oolong tea is popular in China and Taiwan.

All tea is produced from the leaves of the tropical evergreen C.Sinensis. There are three main types of tea with black tea made via a post-harvest “fermentation,” an autoxidation catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase. After picking, leaves for green tea are steamed to inactivate polyphenol oxidase prior to drying. Oxidization is a chemical reaction that takes place when tea leaves are picked and begin to wither and die.

White tea doesn’t oxidation. They also have the lowest amount of caffeine and most likely have the highest antioxidant properties.

Green tea is not allowed to oxidize and is quickly dried, pan fried or oven fired to dehydrate the tea leaves for storage.  This process retains many  of the polyphenols, catechins, and flavonoids that are associated with the health benefits of drinking green tea.

Oolong tea is produced by a partial oxidation of the leaf, intermediate between the process for green and black tea. Oolong tea falls somewhere between green tea and black tea in the amount of time the tea leaves are allowed to oxidize.  Two terms often used to describe oolong tea are “green” and “amber” style.  The “amber” styles are allowed to oxidize slightly more than the “green style” oolong tea.  This results in a variety of smooth teas available that bear the makers style and tradition. Oolong tea commonly served in Chinese restaurants or sold as “weight loss tea” due to its high caffeine content which encourages fat metabolism. Each cup has around 10-15% of the caffeine in cup of coffee. Oolong tea can be processed in two main ways, either as long curly leaves or rolled into tight balls similar to gunpowder tea, sometimes called dragon pearl tea.

Approximately 76% to 78% of the tea produced and consumed worldwide is black, 20% and 22% is green and less than 2% is oolong.

Tea is an important dietary source of flavanols.  Tea consumption has been inversely associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Elevated blood pressure can accelerate the atherosclerotic process, and evidence linking reduced blood pressure with tea consumption has been reported in studies of green tea polyphenols in hypertensive animals and among black tea drinkers in Norway . Habitual moderate strength green or oolong tea consumption, 120 mL/d or more for 1 year, significantly reduces the risk of developing hypertension in the Chinese population.

Evidence for the anticarcinogenic potential of tea polyphenols has been provided by  numerous in vitro and experimental studies describing their action to bind directly to carcinogens, induce Phase II enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and inhibit heterocyclic amine formation.

Tea is already one of the most popular beverages worldwide and there are many benefits for our  body. So do you want to drink a glass of tea?


References

McKay, Diane L,. et al. 2002. The Role of Tea in Human Health: An Update. USA.  Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1–13

Yang, Yi-Ching MD, MPH., et al. 2004. The Protective Effect of Habitual Tea Consumption on Hypertension. ARCH INTERN MED/VOL 164

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